Thursday, July 21, 2011
Tuesday, July 19, 2011
How the British Empire took over India
The really odd thing about how the British took over India is that they never really intended to do it. The begninings of second British Empire were in some ways a colossal accident. Even as late as 1858 the British posessions in India were controled by the East India Company rather than the crown.
It was in 1612 that The British East India company opened its first trading post in Surat in the North West of India. It orginally traded mainly in spices but later expanded to deal in other goods including textiles and tea. The company had originally been founded by royal charter in 1600, with the aim of the project being to break a monopoly on the spice trade held by the Spanisha nd Portugese. The company also had early trading posts in Bombay and Calcutta. In 1708 it bought out a rival - the 'New East India Company'.
So how did a trading company become an imperial power? The real answer is that it became an imperial power to protect it's trading interests from other european nations. Particularly with the Battle of Plassey in 1757, this date is often given as being the start of the Company's rule in India. The battle was a decisive victory for the company over the Nawab of Bengal and his french allies. The French East India Company had increasing trade in Bengal at this time. After the battle the Nawab surendered his territory to the Company and Clive, the British commander in the battle, was appointed Govener of Bengal. The Companies power only increased in 1764 when Colonel Clive won the Battle of Buxar.
Other notable dates are 1765 when the Company was grated the right to collect taxes in Begal and Bihar or when they established a capital in Calcutter in 1772 and appointed the first Govener General.
The Company ruled India according to two systems. Under the first local rulars gave control of their foreign affairs to the East India Company in return for having their essential independence guarenteed. These were the 'Princely States. The second system created 'British India' where the Company directly controled the areas.
Corruption in the Company led to Lord North's Regulating Act, which gave the government some control of over company posessions in India. It was not until the Indian Mutiny of 1857 that the government assumed full control. Many Indians in the army believed the East India Company was trying to destroy Indian culture and a rumor that cartridges were greasd with cow and pig fat (offensive to Muslims and Hindus) was the spark that ignited the rebellion. After this the East India Company was abolished and the Indian army was restructured to make the British components vital to the way it functioned. In 1877 Queen Victoria took the title Empress of India. The Govener Generals were replaced with Viceroys and India was the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire.
It was in 1612 that The British East India company opened its first trading post in Surat in the North West of India. It orginally traded mainly in spices but later expanded to deal in other goods including textiles and tea. The company had originally been founded by royal charter in 1600, with the aim of the project being to break a monopoly on the spice trade held by the Spanisha nd Portugese. The company also had early trading posts in Bombay and Calcutta. In 1708 it bought out a rival - the 'New East India Company'.
So how did a trading company become an imperial power? The real answer is that it became an imperial power to protect it's trading interests from other european nations. Particularly with the Battle of Plassey in 1757, this date is often given as being the start of the Company's rule in India. The battle was a decisive victory for the company over the Nawab of Bengal and his french allies. The French East India Company had increasing trade in Bengal at this time. After the battle the Nawab surendered his territory to the Company and Clive, the British commander in the battle, was appointed Govener of Bengal. The Companies power only increased in 1764 when Colonel Clive won the Battle of Buxar.
Other notable dates are 1765 when the Company was grated the right to collect taxes in Begal and Bihar or when they established a capital in Calcutter in 1772 and appointed the first Govener General.
The Company ruled India according to two systems. Under the first local rulars gave control of their foreign affairs to the East India Company in return for having their essential independence guarenteed. These were the 'Princely States. The second system created 'British India' where the Company directly controled the areas.
Corruption in the Company led to Lord North's Regulating Act, which gave the government some control of over company posessions in India. It was not until the Indian Mutiny of 1857 that the government assumed full control. Many Indians in the army believed the East India Company was trying to destroy Indian culture and a rumor that cartridges were greasd with cow and pig fat (offensive to Muslims and Hindus) was the spark that ignited the rebellion. After this the East India Company was abolished and the Indian army was restructured to make the British components vital to the way it functioned. In 1877 Queen Victoria took the title Empress of India. The Govener Generals were replaced with Viceroys and India was the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire.
Mir Qasim
Mir Qasim (also spelt Mir Kasim full name:Mir Kasim Ali Khan) (died 1777) was Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1764. He was installed as Nawab by the British East India Company replacing Mir Jafar, his father-in-law, who had himself been installed by the British after his role in the Battle of Plassey. However, Mir Jafar had started to assert independence by trying to tie up with the Dutch East India Company. The British eventually overran the Dutch forces at Chinsura and replaced Mir Jafar with Mir Qasim.[1] Qasim later fell out with the British and fought them at the Battle of Buxar. His defeat has been suggested as the last real chance of preventing a British-ruled India following Britain' s victory in the Seven Years War.
Conflict with British
Upon ascending the throne, Mir Qasim repaid the British with lavish gifts. To please the British, Mir Qasim robbed everybody, confiscated lands, reduced Mir Jafar's purse and depleted the treasury. He also transferred the districts of Burdwan, Midnapur and Chittagong to the British East India Company. However, he was soon tired of British interference and endless avarice and like Mir Jafar before him, yearned to break free of the British. He eventually shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger in present day Bihar where he raised an independent army, financing them by streamlining reforms in tax collection.
He opposed the British East India Company position that their imperial Mughal licence (dastak) meant that they could trade without paying taxes (other local merchants with dastaks were required to pay up to 40% of their revenue as tax). Frustrated at the British refusal to pay these taxes, Mir Qasim abolished all taxes on the local traders as well. This upset the advantage that the British traders had been enjoying so far, and hostilities built up. After losing a number of skirmishes, Mir Qasim overran the Company offices in Patna in 1763, killing several Europeans including the Resident. Mir Qasim teamed up with Shuja-ud-Daula of Avadh and Shah Alam II, the itinerant Mughal emperor, who were also threatened by growing British might. However, their combined forces were defeated in the Battle of Buxar in 1764, thus ceding control of the rich Gangetic plain to the British.
The short campaign against British of Mir Qasim was significant. It was a direct fight against outsider British by native Bengali. Unlike Siraj-ud-Daulah before him, Mir Qasim was an effective and popular ruler. The battle with Mir Qasim and the success at Buxar established the British as conquerors of Bengal in a much more real sense than the Battle of Plassey ten years ago.
Death
Mir Qasim died in obscurity, possibly in Delhi in 1777. He passed his last days in abject poverty. His shawl had to be sold for paying off his coroners.
[edit]Observation
Mir Qasim was the one of the affected parties of the indecisiveness and foolhardiness of the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja-ud-Daula the first being the Marhattas in the Third Battle of Panipat. Never fully committed to a cause, Shuja lost the Battle of Buxar in spite of having vast numerical superiority due to poor planning and the fact that he was trying to score a point over the Mughal Emperor and the Nawab of Bengal.
Mir Jafar
Contents [show]
[edit]Early life
Mir Jafar came to Bengal as a penniless barbarian. He was a son of Arab immigrants from the region known as Najaf in modern day Iraq. He took up a job in Nawab's army and slowly promoted himself to higher class sweeper. Although he had good reputation in the history books but in fact, he was traitor who deceived his own country men for the sake of money and empire of Bangal. Because of him English army took over the well build Muslim Empire in Masoor which was a welfare state. So this was the mistake that many historian did and wrote him as a war hero.
Mir Jafar's initial military career was not without glory. His opportunity came when he rescued Ali Vardi Khan's nephew, the hapless Sauqat Jung, from the clutches of Mirza Baqir at Cuttack. He parlayed this success into a prominent role in Ali Vardi Khan's many military campaigns, specially against the grandson of the earlier nawab Murshid Quli Khan, and the Marathas. Nawab Ali Vardi Khan then gave him the hand of his half-sister (Shah Khanam) and seven thousand horses to command.
However, Mir Jafar had higher ambitions. Arrogant in his position he took advantage of an Ali Vardi Khan weakened by a decade of fighting with Marathas to enter into a conspiracy with Ataullah (the faujdar of Rajmahal) to overthrow and murder the Nawab [1]. However, the conspiracy was unearthed and he was stripped of most of his powers. He returned to Murshidabad, where he regained the trust of the Nawab's grandson, Siraj-Ud-Daulah, and slowly returned to power and prominence.
The overthrow of Siraj-Ud-Daulah
Soon after Ali Vardi Khan's natural death, Siraj Ud Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal at Murshidabad. On ascending the throne, he made the controversial decision of elevating a Kayastha named Mohanlal as his supreme Diwan[2]. This elevation of a Hindu to such a prominent position caused the established nobility, and in particular Mir Jafar, great offense. He was then the bakshi or head of the armed forces, second only to the Nawab, and the elevation of Mohanlal to a post above him was taken almost as a personal insult. He became determined to overthrow Siraj-Ud-Daulah and gain the Nawabi for himself.
His opportunity came when Siraj-Ud-Daulah was distracted in his campaign against the British. This was the time when the British contacted him (along with others in the Nawab's court) and offered him the throne if he betrayed Siraj-Ud-Daulah. The Nawab's behaviour had alienated many of his nobles, and many lent a sympathetic ear. However, Siraj-Ud-Daulah returned victorious from Kolkata and discovered the conspiracy; he demoted Mir Jafar and appointed Mir Madan, who was loyal to the Nawab, the new bakshi. Ghulam Husain says "Sirāju-d-daulah placing large batteries in front of Mīr Jafar’s palace was ready to blow him up, and ordered him to quit the City." There is some question here as to why Mir Jafar was not more severely reprimanded, but its probable that Siraj-Ud-Daulah was wary of going too far given Mir Jafar's influence and widespread dissatisfaction in his court at that time.
Mir Jafar was left smarting under this new insult while Siraj-Ud-Daulah was busy with his campaign against the British. He now linked up with the rich banker Jagat Seth, the merchant Omichund (Amir Chand), and the former Diwan, Rai Durlabh and sent out feelers to the British East India Company. Influenced nobles and other officials who joined hands were Mir bakshi,Manickchand and khadim khan[2] On 1 May 1757, the British Calcutta Council made a secret treaty with Mir Jafar, promising to place him on the throne of Bengal. William Watts, the chief of the British factory at Cossimbazar conducted the conspiracy with remarkable diplomatic skill and secrecy. On 5 June 1757, he personally visited Mir Jafar and obtained his oath of allegiance.
Robert Clive testified and defended himself thus before the House of Commons of Parliament on May 10, 1773, during the Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct in India:
"Omichund, his confidential servant, as he thought, told his master of an agreement made between the English and Monsieur Duprée [a general of the French East India Company] to attack him, and received for that advice a sum of not less than four lacks of rupees. Finding this to be the man in whom the nabob entirely trusted, it soon became our object to consider him as a most material engine in the intended revolution. We therefore made such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose, and entered into a treaty with him to satisfy his demands. When all things were prepared, and the evening of the event was appointed, Omichund informed Mr. Watts, who was at the court of the nabob, that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees, and five per cent. upon all the treasure that should be found; that, unless that was immediately complied with, he would disclose the whole to the nabob; and that Mr. Watts, and the two other English gentlemen then at the court, should be cut off before the morning. Mr. Watts, immediately on this information, dispatched an express to me at the council. I did not hesitate to find out a stratagem to save the lives of these people, and secure success to the intended event. For this purpose we signed another treaty. The one was called the red, the other the white treaty. This treaty was signed by every one, except admiral Watson ; and I should have considered myself sufficiently authorised to put his name to it, by the conversation I had with him. As to the person who signed admiral Watson's name to the treaty, whether he did it in his presence or not, I cannot say; but this I know, that he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing. This treaty was immediately sent to Omichund, who did not suspect the stratagem. The event took place, and success attended it; and the House, I am fully persuaded, will agree with me, that, when the very existence of the Company was at stake, and the lives of these people so precariously situated, and so certain of being destroyed, it was a matter of true policy and of justice to deceive so great a villain."[3][4]
Meanwhile, the British had recovered from initial setbacks against Siraj-Ud-Daulah, received reinforcements from Madras, and regrouped under Robert Clive. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was forced to sign the Treaty of Alinagar and retreat to his capital at Murshidabad. He then attempted to win back the support of Mir Jafar, and apparently thought he had successfully obtained the backing of the considerable military force still under Jafar's command (though no longer Bakshi, Mir Jafar retained a substantial number of foot soldiers and cavalry). Mir Jafar, it is recorded, was not particularly impressed by the promises of Siraj-Ud-Daulah but with some duplicity agreed to support him while continuing to encourage the British in their advances. Siraj-Ud-Daulah finally met the British forces at Plassey for the definitive stand. On the day of the Battle of Plassey, Siraj-Ud-Daulah had the advantage of overwhelming force, but at the critical time Mir Jafar's men stood watching passively rather than engage the enemy. This wiped out much of the numerical superiority that Siraj-Ud-Daulah enjoyed, and the soldiers of Siraj-Ud-Daula were decimated by the smaller but much better armed and trained British forces. Siraj-Ud-Daulah fled but was eventually captured and executed.
The Nawab Years
After Siraj Ud Daulah’s defeat and subsequent execution, Mir Jafar achieved his long-pursued dream of gaining the throne, and was propped up by the British as puppet Nawab.Mir Jafar paid a sum of Rs.17,700,000 as compensation for the attack on Calcutta to the company and the traders of the city. In addition, he paid large sums as gifts or bribes to the officials of the company. Clive, for example received over two million rupees, Watts over one million[5] Soon, however, he realised that British expectations were boundless and tried to wriggle out from under them; this time with the help of the Dutch. However, the British defeated the Dutch at the Battle of Chinsurah in November 1759 and retaliated by forcing him to abdicate in favor of his son-in-law Mir Qasim. However, Mir Qasim proved to be both able and independent, willing to live with but not bow to the British. The Company soon went to war with him, and he was eventually overthrown. Mir Jafar managed to regain the good graces of the British; he was again appointed Nawab in 1763 and held the position until his death in 1765.
[edit]Legacy
Mir Jafar probably was the last truly independent ruler of Bengal. After him the British ruled Bengal for next 200 years. Mir Jafar is widely reviled by the people of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The word "mirjafar" in Bengali and the phrase "meer jafar" in Urdu, are used much as quisling is used in English, and Jaichand of Kannauj in Indian history. Nevertheless, after 200 years, when the British left the region, and upon the formation of Pakistan, Mir Jafar's direct descendent Iskandar Mirza, was appointed as the first president of Pakistan.
Murshid Quli Khan
Murshid Quli Khan was the first Nawab of Bengal. In fact circumstances resulted in his being the first independent ruler of Bengal post the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. Though he continued to recognize the nominal overlordship of the Mughal Emperor, for all practical purposes he was the de facto ruler of Bengal.
Evolution of the position of the Nawab of Bengal
The decay and downfall of the Mughal Empire began in right earnest after the reign of Aurangzeb. The Peacock Throne in Delhi became a "musical chair" for the successors of Aurangzeb and fueled by court intrigues of numerous nobles the tenure between 1707 and 1719 saw no less than eight Mughal Emperors (more than the sum of the last 180 years) namely Bahadur Shah I, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh Siyar, Rafi ud-Darajat, Rafi ud-Daulah, Neku Siyar, Muhammad Ibrahim and finally some stability came in the form of Muhammad Shah in 1719.
Such instability saw the rise of three notable nobles; Saadat Ali Khan the Subahdar of Oudh, Murshid Quli Khan the Subahdar of Orissa and Nazim of Bengal and Qamar ud-din Khan (also known as Asaf Jah I) the Subahdar of Deccan.
The distinguishing factor in these three nobles were that all were decorated generals of Aurangazeb and were old timers and unlike the "newer" nobles in the Red Fort; never got actively involved in court intrigues and were always on the "right" side of the Mughal Emperor, however weak the emperor might be. In stead these three nobles concentrated in entrenching themselves in their respective territories. Gradually while Delhi became weaker Oudh, Hyderabad / Deccan and Bengal became strong and prosperous. This was the direct outcome of the resources in Delhi getting strained due to the frequent changes of Emperors in Delhi. Every Mughal Emperor henceforth became more and more dependent on the three nobles and the nobles cleverly and tactfully extracted more and more for their "loyalty" till the time they became de-facto and then the de-jure rulers or Nawabs of the territories. The final blow came in 1724, when Nizam ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I declared himself the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Meanwhile Murshid Quli Khan was gradually consolidating his position. In 1717, he renamed his capital city from Makhsusabad to Murshidabad (after himself). The then Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar granted formal approval to this (symbolic) change of name, paving the way for Murshid Quli Khan to become the de-facto Nawab of Bengal. He however continued to "act and function" as the viceroy of the ever weakening Mughal Emperor.
[edit]Early life
There are two versions of his early life. One version is that he was grandson of the Maratha general Mohammed Quli Khan (formerly Netaji Palkar) by his Iranian wife Nusrat Banu, daughter of Mughal Vazir Asad Khan.
The second and most reliable version is that he was born a poor Oriya Brahmin in the Deccan, brought up by Haji Shafi Isfahani, a merchant from Isfahan, who converted and renamed him Muhammad Hadi / Mirza Hadi.[1] He entered the service of Haji Abdullah, Diwan of Berar, later transferring to Royal service under Emperor Aurangzeb.
[edit]Rise to power
He was a sagacious (strictly Muslim) man, and an officer of honesty and integrity. He had already held the office of Diwan of the Subah of Orissa. In several Mahals pertaining to Orissa he had effected retrenchments in expenditure, and had thus become prominent amongst the Imperial officials. He was held matchless in probity and rectitude of purpose. Rendering eminent services, in periods of siege and war, he had got into the good graces of Emperor Aurangzeb. At that period, the reins of the administration of Financial and Revenue affairs, the power over the assessment and collection of revenue, and payments into and disbursements from the Imperial Treasury lay in the hands of the Diwan of the Subah.
The Nazim had jurisdiction over the Procedure and Administration of Political affairs, such as the repression and chastisement of the refractory and the disobedient, and the extirpation of rebels and tyrants. Except with regard to the Jagirs attached to the Nizamat and personal Mansabs and presents, the Nazim had no power to meddle with the Imperial revenue.
[edit]Conflict with Prince Azim-us-Shan
Murshid Quli, being appointed by Emperor to be Diwan of the Subah of Bengal, arrived at Jahangir Nagar (present-day Dhaka). After waiting on the Prince Azim-us-Shan, the grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb, he devoted himself to the administration of the fiscal affairs. All the transactions of the Treasury was in charge of Murshid Quli. The Prince's control over the income and expenditure were ceased. This led him to the path of direct conflict with Prince Azim-us-Shan wherein the Prince attempted to assassinate Murshid Quli Khan. Aurangzeb, detecting possible rebellions, acted quickly shifting Azim-us-Shan to Patna (later renamed to Azimabad) and Murshid Quli to Makhsusabad (whic Murshid Quli Khan later renamed to Murshidabad). This happened in 1703. This is sometimes erroneously referred to as the year of transfer of the capital of the Subah Bengal from Dhaka to Murshidabad. The whole process actually took fifteen years (1703–1717). Murshidabad was the capital from 1717 to 1780.
His efficient revenue control and military administration and in proving his good and faithful services, Quli Khan became the recipient of further imperial favours. He became Deputy to the Prince in the Nizam of the Subah of Bengal and Orissa, in addition to the office of Diwan. He was also given the title of Murshid Quli Khan and further received a valuable Khilat with a standard and a kettle-drum.
During the reign of Aurangzeb and after it, Murshid Quli's rise was meteoric. From the Diwan of Hyderabad, Bengal (1700–1708 and 1710–1713), Bihar, Deccan (1708–1710), Naib Nazim of Bengal (1713–1717), Subahdar of Orissa (1714), and Nazim of Bengal (1717). Removed his headqaurters from Dacca (present-day Dhaka) to Makhsusabad in 1703, and renamed it Murshidabad in 1717. By then, his power was overwhelming and the Mughal influence on Bengal was wiped out. The then Mughal Emperor, Farrukh Siyar, granted formal approval to this symbolic change of name and from then on Murshid Quli Khan became the de-facto Nawab of Bengal. He celebrated this by opening a mint in Murshidabad and issued in his name the Zurbe Murshedabad coin and other coins.[2]
[edit]Reign
Murshid Quli never formally severed his links to the Mughals and continued to send annual tribute to Delhi. Although he laid the foundation of a well-run and economically viable state, it was his successor who made the rupture with Delhi.
Post 1717, Mushid Quli set about resolving matters of state, with an "iron fist", very aggressively most of the times and with an undue heavy hand on others. As an administrative decision, Midnapore was separated from Orissa and annexed to the Subah of Bengal.
[edit]Revenue collection
On matters of revenue collection Murshid Quli was absolutely non-compromising to the extent of being ruthless. Hindu Zamindars especially suffered under his rule and were terrorized by the Nawab and his Amils (Collectors of Revenue). In aggressively collecting revenue, both current and arrears he put a complete stop to the authority of Zamindars over the collection and disbursement of the imperial revenue, he limited their source of income to profits of Nankar (tax-free lands give in consideration for services rendered) tenures. Accordingly a new revenue roll (some say a Perfect Roll before the permanent settlement of Bengal) was drawn up.
[edit]Land and agrarian reforms
On matters of land reforms, the Amils (collectors of revenue) under his orders, sent Shiqdars and Amins to every village of the Parganas, measured the cultivated and waste-lands, and leased them back to tenants, plot by plot, and advanced agricultural loans (Taqavi) to the poorer tenantry, and put forth exertions for increase in the produce of the lands. Thus Murshid Quli affected not only increase in revenue, but also increase in their areas.
He ensured that a part of the revenues were remitted to the imperial treasury in Delhi. Till the time of Aurangzeb the entirety was remitted to Delhi but post 1717 this remittance was limited to the annual tribute (Nazrana).
His administration was so vigorous and successful that there was neither foreign incursion nor internal disturbance, and consequently the military expenditure was nearly abolished.
[edit]Personality
Murshid Quli Khan was very powerful as a personality and his commands were so overawing that his peons sufficed to keep peace in the country, and to overawe the refractory. And fear of his personality was so deeply impressed on the hearts of all, both the high and the low, that the courage of lion-hearted persons quailed in his presence. He did not allow petty Zamindars access to his presence. The Mutsadis and Amils and the leading Zamindars had not the heart to sit down in his presence; on the contrary, they remained standing breathless like statues. Hindu Zamindars were forbidden to ride on Palkis. The Mutasadis, in his presence, did not ride on horseback ; whilst the Mansabdars attended at state functions in their military uniforms. In his presence one could not salute another; and if anything opposed to etiquette occurred on the part of anyone, he was immediately censured. Every week he held court on two days to listen to complaints, and used to mete out justice to the complainants. Amongst his deeds of justice, it may be mentioned, that to avenge the wrong done to another, obeying the sacred Islamic law, he executed his own son.[citation needed] In administration of justice, in administration of the political affairs of the country, and in maintenance of the respect due to the Mughal Emperor, he spared no one. Murshid Quli Khan's uprightness in administration of justice (regardless of all family ties of attachment) is remarkable.
In brief Murshid Quli was no better or no worse than quite a few Muslim rulers who set up kingdoms in India but most certainly he enhanced the material prosperity of Bengal in terms of revenue.
[edit]Death and succession
Katra Masjid (mosque), Murshidabad: Murshid Quli Khan lies buried under the stairs of this Mosque
Murshid Quli Khan died on 30th June 1727 (1139 A.H.) according to Riyaz-us-Salatin by Ghulam Husain Salim. However Encyclopaedia Britannica suggests that the year was 1726.
In absence of a direct heir, he nominated his maternal grandson Sarfaraz Khan to succeed him. It is highly likely that Sarfaraz Khan ascended to the Masnad as Nawab Nazim before abdicating in favour of his father Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan. On hearing of Sarfaraz's accession to the Masnad, his father, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, the Dewan Nazim of Orissa, marched at the head of a large army towards Murshidabad. To avoid a conflict in the family, the dowager Begum of Murshid Quli Khan intervened; and her son-in-law Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan ascended to the masnad of Bengal.
By the end of 1727, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan was firmly established as the Nawab of Bengal.
Murshid Quli Khan lies buried below the steps of Katra Masjid, a mosque in Murshidabad.[3] He laid the foundation of the Nasiri dynasty which would last for another thirteen years.
Katra Masjid (mosque), Murshidabad: The dome of this mosque was destroyed by lightning and earthquake
Evolution of the position of the Nawab of Bengal
The decay and downfall of the Mughal Empire began in right earnest after the reign of Aurangzeb. The Peacock Throne in Delhi became a "musical chair" for the successors of Aurangzeb and fueled by court intrigues of numerous nobles the tenure between 1707 and 1719 saw no less than eight Mughal Emperors (more than the sum of the last 180 years) namely Bahadur Shah I, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh Siyar, Rafi ud-Darajat, Rafi ud-Daulah, Neku Siyar, Muhammad Ibrahim and finally some stability came in the form of Muhammad Shah in 1719.
Such instability saw the rise of three notable nobles; Saadat Ali Khan the Subahdar of Oudh, Murshid Quli Khan the Subahdar of Orissa and Nazim of Bengal and Qamar ud-din Khan (also known as Asaf Jah I) the Subahdar of Deccan.
The distinguishing factor in these three nobles were that all were decorated generals of Aurangazeb and were old timers and unlike the "newer" nobles in the Red Fort; never got actively involved in court intrigues and were always on the "right" side of the Mughal Emperor, however weak the emperor might be. In stead these three nobles concentrated in entrenching themselves in their respective territories. Gradually while Delhi became weaker Oudh, Hyderabad / Deccan and Bengal became strong and prosperous. This was the direct outcome of the resources in Delhi getting strained due to the frequent changes of Emperors in Delhi. Every Mughal Emperor henceforth became more and more dependent on the three nobles and the nobles cleverly and tactfully extracted more and more for their "loyalty" till the time they became de-facto and then the de-jure rulers or Nawabs of the territories. The final blow came in 1724, when Nizam ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I declared himself the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Meanwhile Murshid Quli Khan was gradually consolidating his position. In 1717, he renamed his capital city from Makhsusabad to Murshidabad (after himself). The then Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar granted formal approval to this (symbolic) change of name, paving the way for Murshid Quli Khan to become the de-facto Nawab of Bengal. He however continued to "act and function" as the viceroy of the ever weakening Mughal Emperor.
[edit]Early life
There are two versions of his early life. One version is that he was grandson of the Maratha general Mohammed Quli Khan (formerly Netaji Palkar) by his Iranian wife Nusrat Banu, daughter of Mughal Vazir Asad Khan.
The second and most reliable version is that he was born a poor Oriya Brahmin in the Deccan, brought up by Haji Shafi Isfahani, a merchant from Isfahan, who converted and renamed him Muhammad Hadi / Mirza Hadi.[1] He entered the service of Haji Abdullah, Diwan of Berar, later transferring to Royal service under Emperor Aurangzeb.
[edit]Rise to power
He was a sagacious (strictly Muslim) man, and an officer of honesty and integrity. He had already held the office of Diwan of the Subah of Orissa. In several Mahals pertaining to Orissa he had effected retrenchments in expenditure, and had thus become prominent amongst the Imperial officials. He was held matchless in probity and rectitude of purpose. Rendering eminent services, in periods of siege and war, he had got into the good graces of Emperor Aurangzeb. At that period, the reins of the administration of Financial and Revenue affairs, the power over the assessment and collection of revenue, and payments into and disbursements from the Imperial Treasury lay in the hands of the Diwan of the Subah.
The Nazim had jurisdiction over the Procedure and Administration of Political affairs, such as the repression and chastisement of the refractory and the disobedient, and the extirpation of rebels and tyrants. Except with regard to the Jagirs attached to the Nizamat and personal Mansabs and presents, the Nazim had no power to meddle with the Imperial revenue.
[edit]Conflict with Prince Azim-us-Shan
Murshid Quli, being appointed by Emperor to be Diwan of the Subah of Bengal, arrived at Jahangir Nagar (present-day Dhaka). After waiting on the Prince Azim-us-Shan, the grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb, he devoted himself to the administration of the fiscal affairs. All the transactions of the Treasury was in charge of Murshid Quli. The Prince's control over the income and expenditure were ceased. This led him to the path of direct conflict with Prince Azim-us-Shan wherein the Prince attempted to assassinate Murshid Quli Khan. Aurangzeb, detecting possible rebellions, acted quickly shifting Azim-us-Shan to Patna (later renamed to Azimabad) and Murshid Quli to Makhsusabad (whic Murshid Quli Khan later renamed to Murshidabad). This happened in 1703. This is sometimes erroneously referred to as the year of transfer of the capital of the Subah Bengal from Dhaka to Murshidabad. The whole process actually took fifteen years (1703–1717). Murshidabad was the capital from 1717 to 1780.
His efficient revenue control and military administration and in proving his good and faithful services, Quli Khan became the recipient of further imperial favours. He became Deputy to the Prince in the Nizam of the Subah of Bengal and Orissa, in addition to the office of Diwan. He was also given the title of Murshid Quli Khan and further received a valuable Khilat with a standard and a kettle-drum.
During the reign of Aurangzeb and after it, Murshid Quli's rise was meteoric. From the Diwan of Hyderabad, Bengal (1700–1708 and 1710–1713), Bihar, Deccan (1708–1710), Naib Nazim of Bengal (1713–1717), Subahdar of Orissa (1714), and Nazim of Bengal (1717). Removed his headqaurters from Dacca (present-day Dhaka) to Makhsusabad in 1703, and renamed it Murshidabad in 1717. By then, his power was overwhelming and the Mughal influence on Bengal was wiped out. The then Mughal Emperor, Farrukh Siyar, granted formal approval to this symbolic change of name and from then on Murshid Quli Khan became the de-facto Nawab of Bengal. He celebrated this by opening a mint in Murshidabad and issued in his name the Zurbe Murshedabad coin and other coins.[2]
[edit]Reign
Murshid Quli never formally severed his links to the Mughals and continued to send annual tribute to Delhi. Although he laid the foundation of a well-run and economically viable state, it was his successor who made the rupture with Delhi.
Post 1717, Mushid Quli set about resolving matters of state, with an "iron fist", very aggressively most of the times and with an undue heavy hand on others. As an administrative decision, Midnapore was separated from Orissa and annexed to the Subah of Bengal.
[edit]Revenue collection
On matters of revenue collection Murshid Quli was absolutely non-compromising to the extent of being ruthless. Hindu Zamindars especially suffered under his rule and were terrorized by the Nawab and his Amils (Collectors of Revenue). In aggressively collecting revenue, both current and arrears he put a complete stop to the authority of Zamindars over the collection and disbursement of the imperial revenue, he limited their source of income to profits of Nankar (tax-free lands give in consideration for services rendered) tenures. Accordingly a new revenue roll (some say a Perfect Roll before the permanent settlement of Bengal) was drawn up.
[edit]Land and agrarian reforms
On matters of land reforms, the Amils (collectors of revenue) under his orders, sent Shiqdars and Amins to every village of the Parganas, measured the cultivated and waste-lands, and leased them back to tenants, plot by plot, and advanced agricultural loans (Taqavi) to the poorer tenantry, and put forth exertions for increase in the produce of the lands. Thus Murshid Quli affected not only increase in revenue, but also increase in their areas.
He ensured that a part of the revenues were remitted to the imperial treasury in Delhi. Till the time of Aurangzeb the entirety was remitted to Delhi but post 1717 this remittance was limited to the annual tribute (Nazrana).
His administration was so vigorous and successful that there was neither foreign incursion nor internal disturbance, and consequently the military expenditure was nearly abolished.
[edit]Personality
Murshid Quli Khan was very powerful as a personality and his commands were so overawing that his peons sufficed to keep peace in the country, and to overawe the refractory. And fear of his personality was so deeply impressed on the hearts of all, both the high and the low, that the courage of lion-hearted persons quailed in his presence. He did not allow petty Zamindars access to his presence. The Mutsadis and Amils and the leading Zamindars had not the heart to sit down in his presence; on the contrary, they remained standing breathless like statues. Hindu Zamindars were forbidden to ride on Palkis. The Mutasadis, in his presence, did not ride on horseback ; whilst the Mansabdars attended at state functions in their military uniforms. In his presence one could not salute another; and if anything opposed to etiquette occurred on the part of anyone, he was immediately censured. Every week he held court on two days to listen to complaints, and used to mete out justice to the complainants. Amongst his deeds of justice, it may be mentioned, that to avenge the wrong done to another, obeying the sacred Islamic law, he executed his own son.[citation needed] In administration of justice, in administration of the political affairs of the country, and in maintenance of the respect due to the Mughal Emperor, he spared no one. Murshid Quli Khan's uprightness in administration of justice (regardless of all family ties of attachment) is remarkable.
In brief Murshid Quli was no better or no worse than quite a few Muslim rulers who set up kingdoms in India but most certainly he enhanced the material prosperity of Bengal in terms of revenue.
[edit]Death and succession
Katra Masjid (mosque), Murshidabad: Murshid Quli Khan lies buried under the stairs of this Mosque
Murshid Quli Khan died on 30th June 1727 (1139 A.H.) according to Riyaz-us-Salatin by Ghulam Husain Salim. However Encyclopaedia Britannica suggests that the year was 1726.
In absence of a direct heir, he nominated his maternal grandson Sarfaraz Khan to succeed him. It is highly likely that Sarfaraz Khan ascended to the Masnad as Nawab Nazim before abdicating in favour of his father Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan. On hearing of Sarfaraz's accession to the Masnad, his father, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, the Dewan Nazim of Orissa, marched at the head of a large army towards Murshidabad. To avoid a conflict in the family, the dowager Begum of Murshid Quli Khan intervened; and her son-in-law Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan ascended to the masnad of Bengal.
By the end of 1727, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan was firmly established as the Nawab of Bengal.
Murshid Quli Khan lies buried below the steps of Katra Masjid, a mosque in Murshidabad.[3] He laid the foundation of the Nasiri dynasty which would last for another thirteen years.
Katra Masjid (mosque), Murshidabad: The dome of this mosque was destroyed by lightning and earthquake
Alivardi Khan
His father was Shah Quli Khan Mirza Muhammad Madani and his mother was the daughter of Nawab Aqil Khan Afshar. His birth name was Mirza Muhammad Ali . He was a Shia Muslim. His father was an employee of Azam Shah, the son of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Azam Shah also employed the sons of Mirza Muhammad. But after the death of Azam Shah, the family fell into poverty. His two sons Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmed managed to find employment under the Subahdar of Orissa, Shuja-ud-Din. After Shuja-ud-Din was promoted to Nawab, the two brothers' future prospects widened.
Rise to power
In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali to Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal and entitled him as Ali Vardi Khan.[1] In 1733, he was assigned as the Naib Nazim (Deputy Subahdar) of Bihar. A year later he was titled Mahabat Jang and the rank of 5000 by Nawab Shuja-ud-Din. Ali Vardi Khan aspired for larger authority. On 10 April 1740 in the Battle of Giria, he defeated and killed Shuja-ud-Din's successor, Sarfaraz Khan.[1] Thus he took control of Bengal and Bihar. Then on 3 March 1741 he defeated Rustam Jang, deputy governor of Orissa and a relative of Sarfaraz Khan, in the battle of Phulwarion.[1] Orissa also went under control of Ali Vardi Khan.
Reign
Since 1742 Marathas raided Bengal repeatedly until 1751 when a peace-treaty was settled between Ali Vardi Khan and Raghoji I Bhonsle, the Maratha general of Nagpur Kingdom.[1] He also subdued the revolt of Afghans who were trying to occupy Bihar.[1] During his reign of total 16 years, he was mostly engaged in battles. Towards the end, he turned his attention to rebuilding and restoring his kingdom.
Death
He died in 16 April 1756. His grandson, Siraj-ud-Daula, succeeded him in April 1756 at the age of 23.
Siraj ud-Daulah
Ali Vardi Khan in 1752 officially declared his grandson Crown Prince and successor to the throne, creating no small amount of division in the family and the royal court.
Reign as Nawab
Mirza Mohammad Siraj succeeded Ali Vardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the age of 23, and took the name Siraj-Ud-Daulah. Siraj-Ud-Daulah's nomination to the nawabship aroused the jealousy and enmity of Ghaseti Begum (the eldest sister of Siraj's mother), Raja Rajballabh, Mir Jafar Ali Khan and Shawkat Jang (Siraj's cousin). Ghaseti Begum possessed huge wealth, which was the source of her influence and strength. Apprehending serious opposition from her, Sirajuddaula seized her wealth from Motijheel Palace and placed her in confinement. The Nawab also gave high government positions to his favourites. Mir Mardan was appointed Bakshi (Paymaster of the army) in place of Mir Jafar. Mohanlal was elevated to the post of peshkar of his Dewan Khana and he exercised great influence in the administration. Eventually Siraj suppressed Shaukat Jang, governor of Purnia, who was killed in a clash.
[edit]Black Hole of Calcutta
Main article: Black Hole of Calcutta
He, as the direct political disciple of his grandfather, was aware of the global British interest in colonization and hence, resented the British politico-military presence in Bengal represented by the British East India Company. He was annoyed at the company's alleged involvement with and instigation of some members of his own court in a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the company were mainly threefold. Firstly, that they strengthened the fortification around the Fort William without any intimation and approval; secondly, that they grossly abused the trade privileges granted to them by the Mughal rulers, which caused heavy loss of customs duties for the government; and thirdly, that they gave shelter to some of his officers, for example Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled Dhaka after misappropriating government funds. Hence, when the East India Company started further enhancement of military preparedness at Fort William in Calcutta, Siraj asked them to stop. The Company did not heed his directives, so Siraj-Ud-Daulah retaliated and captured Kolkata (Shortly renamed as Alinagar) from the British in June 1756. During this time, he is alleged to have put 146 British subjects in a 20 by 20 foot chamber, known as the infamous Black Hole of Calcutta; only 23 were said to have survived the overnight ordeal. The real facts around the incident are disputed by later historians, but at that time the lurid account of this incident by one survivor – Holwell – obtained wide circulation in England and helped gain support for the East India Company's continued conquest of India.
Sir William Meredith, during the Parliamentary inquiry into Robert Clive's actions in India, vindicated Siraj ud-Daulah of any charges surrounding the Black Hole incident:
"It is true, that when he took Calcutta a very lamentable event happened, I mean the story of the Black Hole; but that catastrophe can never be attributed to the intention, for it was without the knowledge of the prince. I remember a similar accident happening in St. Martin's roundhouse; but it should appear very ridiculous, were I, on that account, to attribute any guilt or imputation of cruelty to the memory of the late king, in whose reign it happened. A peace was however agreed upon with Surajah Dowlah; and the persons who went as ambassadors to confirm that peace, formed the conspiracy, by which he was deprived of his kingdom and his life."[1]
[edit]Conspiracy to overthrow Siraj ud-Daulah
The Nawab was infuriated on learning of the attack on Chandernagar. His former hatred of the British returned, but he now felt the need to strengthen himself by alliances against the British. The Nawab was plagued by fear of attack from the north by the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Durrani and from the west by the Marathas. Therefore, he could not deploy his entire force against the British for fear of being attacked from the flanks. A deep distrust set in between the British and the Nawab. As a result, Siraj started secret negotiations with Jean Law, chief of the French factory at Cossimbazar, and de Bussy. The Nawab also moved a large division of his army under Rai Durlabh to Plassey, on the island of Cossimbazar 30 miles (48 km) south of Murshidabad.[2][3][4][5]
Popular discontent against the Nawab flourished in his own court. The Seths, the traders of Bengal, were in perpetual fear for their wealth under the reign of Siraj, contrary to the situation under Alivardi’s reign. They had engaged Yar Lutuf Khan to defend them in case they were threatened in any way.[6] William Watts, the Company representative at the court of Siraj, informed Clive about a conspiracy at the court to overthrow the ruler. The conspirators included Mir Jafar, paymaster of the army, Rai Durlabh, Yar Lutuf Khan and Omichund (Amir Chand), a Sikh merchant, and several officers in the army.[7] When communicated in this regard by Mir Jafar, Clive referred it to the select committee in Calcutta on 1 May. The committee passed a resolution in support of the alliance. A treaty was drawn between the British and Mir Jafar to raise him to the throne of the Nawab in return for support to the British in the field of battle and the bestowal of large sums of money upon them as compensation for the attack on Calcutta. On 2 May, Clive broke up his camp and sent half the troops to Calcutta and the other half to Chandernagar.
Mir Jafar and the Seths desired that the confederacy between the British and himself be kept secret from Omichund, but when he found out about it, he threatened to betray the conspiracy if his share was not increased to three million rupees (£ 300,000). Hearing of this, Clive suggested an expedient to the Committee. He suggested that two treaties be drawn – the real one on white paper, containing no reference to Omichund and the other on red paper, containing Omichund’s desired stipulation, to deceive him. The Members of the Committee signed on both treaties, but Admiral Watson signed only the real one and his signature had to be counterfeited on the fictitious one. Both treaties and separate articles for donations to the army, navy squadron and committee were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June.
Lord Clive testified and defended himself thus before the House of Commons of Parliament on May 10, 1773, during the Parliamentary inquiry into his conduct in India:
"Omichund, his confidential servant, as he thought, told his master of an agreement made between the English and Monsieur Duprée [a general of the French East India Company] to attack him, and received for that advice a sum of not less than four lacks of rupees. Finding this to be the man in whom the nabob entirely trusted, it soon became our object to consider him as a most material engine in the intended revolution. We therefore made such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose, and entered into a treaty with him to satisfy his demands. When all things were prepared, and the evening of the event was appointed, Omichund informed Mr. Watts, who was at the court of the nabob, that he insisted upon thirty lacks of rupees, and five per cent. upon all the treasure that should be found; that, unless that was immediately complied with, he would disclose the whole to the nabob; and that Mr. Watts, and the two other English gentlemen then at the court, should be cut off before the morning. Mr. Watts, immediately on this information, dispatched an express to me at the council. I did not hesitate
to find out a stratagem to save the lives of these people, and secure success to the intended event. For this purpose we signed another treaty. The one was called the Red, the other the White treaty. This treaty was signed by every one, except admiral Watson; and I should have considered myself sufficiently authorised to put his name to it, by the conversation I had with him. As to the person who signed admiral Watson's name to the treaty, whether he did it in his presence or not, I cannot say; but this I know, that he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing. This treaty was immediately sent to Omichund, who did not suspect the stratagem. The event took place, and success attended it; and the House, I am fully persuaded, will agree with me, that, when the very existence of the Company was at stake, and the lives of these people so precariously situated, and so certain of being destroyed, it was a matter of true policy and of justice to deceive so great a villain.
[edit]The Battle of Plassey
Main article: Battle of Plassey
Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, meeting with Mir Jafar after Plassey, by Francis Hayman
The Battle of Plassey (or Palashi) is widely considered the turning point in the history of India, and opened the way to eventual British domination. After Siraj-Ud-Daulah's conquest of Calcutta, the British responded by sending fresh troops from Madras to recapture the fort and avenge the attack. A retreating Siraj-Ud-Daulah met the British at Plassey. Siraj-ud-Daulah had to make camp 27 miles away from Murshidabad. On 23 June 1757 Siraj-Ud-Daulah called on Mir Jafar because he was saddened by the sudden fall of Mir Madan who was a very dear companion of Siraj in battles. The Nawab asked for help from Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar advised Siraj to retreat for that day. The Nawab made the blunder in giving the order to stop the war. Following his command, the soldiers of the Nawab were returning to their camps. At that time, Robert Clive attacked the soldiers with his army. At such a sudden attack, the army of Siraj became indisciplined and could think of no way to fight. So all fled away in such a situation. Betrayed by a conspiracy hatched by Jagat Seth, Mir Jafar, Krishna Chandra, Umi Chand etc., he lost the battle and had to escape. He went first to Murshidabad and then to Patna by boat, but was eventually arrested by Mir Jafar's soldiers. Siraj-Ud-Daulah was executed on July 2, 1757 by Mohammad Ali Beg under orders from Mir Miran, son of Mir Jafar.
The character of Siraj-Ud-Daulah
Siraj-Ud-Daulah is usually proclaimed as a freedom fighter in modern India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan for his opposition to the British annexation. As a teenager, he led a reckless life, which came to the notice of his grandfather. But keeping a promise he made to his dear grandfather on his death bed, he gave up gambling and drinking alcohol totally after becoming the nawab.
"Siraj-ud-daula has been pictured", says the biographer of Robert Clive: "as a monster of vice, cruelty and depravity.". In 1778, Robert Orme wrote of the relationship with his maternal grandfather Ali Vardi Khan:
"Mirza Mahmud Siraj, a youth of seventeen years, had discovered the most vicious propensities, at an age when only follies are expected from princes. But the great affection which Allaverdy [Ali Vardi] had borne to the father was transferred to this son, whom he had for some years bred in his own palace; where instead of correcting the evil dispositions of his nature, he suffered them to increase by overweening indulgence: taught by his minions to regard himself as of a superior order of being, his natural cruelty, hardened by habit, in conception he was not slow, but absurd; obstinate, sullen, and impatient of contradiction; but notwithstanding this insolent contempt of mankind,the confusion of his ideas rendered him suspicious of all those who approached him, excepting his favourites, who were buffoons and profligate men, raised from menial servants to be his companions: with these he lived in every kind of intemperance and debauchery, and more especially in drinking spiritous liquors to an excess, which inflamed his passions and impaired the little understanding with which he was born. He had, however, cunning enough to carry himself with much demureness in the presence of Allaverdy, whom no one ventured to inform of his real character; for in despotic states the sovereign is always the last to hear what it concerns him most to know."
Two Muslim historians of the period wrote of him.
Ghulam Husain Salim wrote[1]:
"Owing to Siraj ud Dowla’s harshness of temper and indulgence, fear and terror had settled on the hearts of everyone to such an extent that no one among his generals of the army or the noblemen of the city was free from anxiety. Amongst his officers, whoever went to wait on Siraj ud Dowla despaired of life and honour, and whoever returned without being disgraced and ill-treated offered thanks to God. Siraj ud Dowla treated all the noblemen and generals of Mahabat Jang [Ali Vardi Khan] with ridicule and drollery, and bestowed on each some contemptuous nickname that ill-suited any of them. And whatever harsh expressions and abusive epithet came to his lips, Siraj ud Dowla uttered them unhesitatingly in the face of everyone, and no one had the boldness to breath freely in his presence."'
Ghulam Husain Tabatabai wrote this[2] about Siraj ud-Daulah:
"Making no distinction between vice and virtue, he carried defilement wherever he went, and, like a man alienated in his mind, he made the house of men and women of distinction the scenes of his depravity, without minding either rank or station. In a little time he became detested as Pharaoh, and people on meeting him by chance used to say, ‘God save us from him!'"
Sir William Meredith, during the Parliamentary inquiry into Robert Clive's actions in India, defended the character of Siraj-ud-Daulah:
"Siraj-ud-Daulah is indeed reported to have been a very wicked, and a very cruel prince: but how he deserved that character does not appear in fact. He was very young, not 20 years old when he was put to death—and the first provocation to his enmity was given by the English. It is true, that when he took Calcutta a very lamentable event happened, I mean the story of the Black Hole; but that catastrophe can never be attributed to the intention, for it was without the knowledge of the prince. I remember a similar accident happening in St. Martin's roundhouse; but it should appear very ridiculous, were I, on that account, to attribute any guilt or imputation of cruelty to the memory of the late king, in whose reign it happened. A peace was however agreed upon with Suraj-ud-Daulah ; and the persons who went as ambassadors to confirm that peace, formed the conspiracy, by which he was deprived of his kingdom and his life.
my family
this photo contains me my mother father sister
and a place called thirunnalli +my sisters dance in school
and a place called thirunnalli +my sisters dance in school
tile breaker
this kid is just too good dude.
by the way i forgot to mention that this is my friend from school.and yeah he was the one who broke the table.
he rocks right!
enjoy the video.
by the way i forgot to mention that this is my friend from school.and yeah he was the one who broke the table.
he rocks right!
enjoy the video.
Monday, July 18, 2011
school
dude today is 18-7-2011
today my school day was quite cool actually.i got my fa1 exam results.sorry i dint mention this earlier i am living
in india- kerala- calicut.i am studding in 8th in b.v.b chevayur. yeah i got my fa1 results today .i dint get everything .
but its quite cool here are the grades i got.
computer A+
math A
science A+
soc A+
san A
and thats quiet about it.well that rd sharma book my mom bought me was quite helpful.
and as usual the teachers took class and things like that happened.but there was one thin which u all will be amazed.I have a friend called siddharth he fell down on a very very strong table u all would be thinking poor boy but ill say poor bench this guy is not so hefty and all but he is strong.when he fell into the bench the bench broke into 3 peaces can u believe it!and school ended that way and thats all about it.thanks for reading!
today my school day was quite cool actually.i got my fa1 exam results.sorry i dint mention this earlier i am living
in india- kerala- calicut.i am studding in 8th in b.v.b chevayur. yeah i got my fa1 results today .i dint get everything .
but its quite cool here are the grades i got.
computer A+
math A
science A+
soc A+
san A
and thats quiet about it.well that rd sharma book my mom bought me was quite helpful.
and as usual the teachers took class and things like that happened.but there was one thin which u all will be amazed.I have a friend called siddharth he fell down on a very very strong table u all would be thinking poor boy but ill say poor bench this guy is not so hefty and all but he is strong.when he fell into the bench the bench broke into 3 peaces can u believe it!and school ended that way and thats all about it.thanks for reading!
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